ISO 26262 is a accepted accompanying to the assurance of electrical and cyberbanking systems aural a car and addresses accessible hazards acquired by adulterated behavior of safety-related systems, including alternation of these systems. ISO 26262 is a acquired of IEC 61508.
ISO 26262 consists of the afterward parts, beneath the accepted appellation “Road cartage – Anatomic safety”:
– Part 1: Vocabulary– Part 2: Administration of anatomic safety– Part 3: Concept phase– Part 4: Artefact development at the arrangement level– Part 5: Artefact development at the accouterments level– Part 6: Artefact development at the software level– Part 7: Assembly and operation– Part 8: Supporting processes– Part 9: Automotive Assurance Candor Akin (ASIL)-oriented and safety-oriented analyses– Part 10: Guideline on ISO 26262
New functionalities such as disciplinarian assistance, propulsion, in agent dynamics ascendancy and alive and acquiescent assurance systems added blow the area of arrangement assurance engineering. With the trend of accretion abstruse complexity, software agreeable and mechatronic implementation, there are accretion risks from analytical failures and accidental accouterments failures. ISO 26262 includes advice to abstain these risks by accouterment adapted requirements and processes.
System assurance is accomplished through a cardinal of assurance measures, which are implemented in a array of technologies (e.g. mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, electrical, electronic, programmable electronic) and activated at the assorted levels of the development process. Although ISO 26262 is anxious with anatomic assurance of E/E systems, it provides a framework aural which safety-related systems based on added technologies can be considered. ISO 26262:
Functional assurance is afflicted by the development action (including such activities as requirements specification, design, implementation, integration, verification, validation and configuration), the assembly and account processes and by the administration processes.
Safety issues are intertwined with accepted function-oriented and quality-oriented development activities and assignment products. ISO 26262 addresses the safety-related aspects of development activities and assignment products.
The afterward is a account of agreement begin in ISO 26262:
ASIL: Automotive Assurance Candor Akin – One of four levels to specify the item’s (1.69) or element’s (1.32) all-important requirements of ISO 26262 and assurance measures (1.110) to administer for alienated an absurd balance accident (1.97), with D apery the best acrimonious and A the atomic acrimonious level. ISO 26262 9 describes ASIL analyses in detail. (ISO 26262-1 1.6/ISO 26262-9)
ASIL Decomposition: Automotive Assurance Candor Akin Decomposition – Also called, “ASIL Tailoring.” Apportioning of assurance requirements redundantly to abundantly absolute elements (1.32), with the cold of abbreviation the ASIL (1.6) of the bombastic assurance requirements that are allocated to the agnate elements. (How-to archetype blueprint is in ISO26262-9 5.4.10/ISO 26262-1 1.7/ISO 26262-9 5)
AUTOSAR: AUTomotive Accessible Arrangement Architectonics – Not in ISO 26262, this is an accessible and connected automotive software architecture, accordingly developed by auto manufacturers, suppliers and apparatus developers. (http://www.autosar.org; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AUTOSAR)
CCF: Accepted Account Failures – Abortion (1.39) of two or added elements (1.32) of an account (1.69) consistent from a distinct specific accident or basis cause.Common account failures are abased failures (DF) (1.22) that are not bottomward failures (CF) (1.13). (ISO 26262-1 1.14)
CF: Bottomward Abortion – Abortion (1.39) of an aspect (1.32) of an account (1.69) causing addition aspect or elements of the aforementioned account to fail.Cascading failures are abased failures (DF) (1.22) that are not accepted account failures (CCF) (1.14). (ISO 26262-1 1.13)
CMF: Accepted Access Abortion – A blazon of accepted account abortion (CCF) area assorted items abort in the aforementioned mode. Analyze it application accountability timberline assay (FTA). (ISO 26262-10 B.3.2)
DC: Analytic Advantage – Proportion of the accouterments aspect (1.32) abortion amount (1.41) that is detected or controlled by the implemented assurance mechanisms (1.111). (ISO 26262-1 1.25/ISO 26262-5 D)
DCLS: Dual Core Lockstep
DF: Abased Abortion – Failures (1.39) whose anticipation of accompanying or alternating accident cannot be bidding as the simple artefact of the actual probabilities of anniversary of them. Abased failures accommodate accepted account failures (CCF) (1.14) and bottomward failures (CF) (1.13).(ISO 26262-9 7 explains abased abortion assay (DFA); ISO 26262-1 1.22/ISO 26262-9 7)
DFA: Abased Abortion Assay – Aims to analyze the distinct contest or distinct causes that could bypass or invalidate a appropriate ability or abandon from arrest amid accustomed elements and breach a assurance claim or a assurance goal. (ISO 26262-9 7)
DIA: Development Interface Agreement – Agreement amid chump and supplier in which the responsibilities for activities, affirmation or assignment articles to be exchanged by anniversary affair are specified. An archetype DIA is at ISO 26262-5 B. (ISO 26262 1.24/ISO 26262-8 5)
DTI: Analytic Test Breach – Amount of time amid the executions of online analytic tests by a assurance mechanism. Use ISO 26262-5 Table D.1 for analysis. (ISO 26262-1 1.26/ISO 26262-5 D)
E/E/PE: Electrical, Electronics And Programmable Cyberbanking – 3.2.6 of IEC 61508-4 defines this as based on electrical and/or cyberbanking and/or programmable cyberbanking technology (see examples). (IEC 61508- 3.2.6)
EMI: Electromagnetic Arrest – Disturbance that affects an electrical ambit due to either electromagnetic consecration or electromagnetic radiation emitted from an alien source. [Wikipedia] (ISO 26262-2/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_interference)
EOS: Electrical Overstress – Electrical overstress failures can be classified as thermally-induced, electromigration-related and electric field-related failures. Can aftereffect in a latchup abbreviate cirvuit. [Wikipedia] Archetype of abortion amount consistent from EOS is in ISO 26262-10 A.3.4.2.4. Adding methods are in IEC TR 62380, “Reliability abstracts handbook – Universal archetypal for believability anticipation of electronics components, PCBs and equipment” (ISO 26262-10 A.3.4.2.4/IEC TR 62380/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Failure_modes_of_electronics)
ESD: Electrostatic acquittal – A bracket of Electrical Overstress (EOS). A access of electricity amid acquired by contact, an electrical short, or dielectric breakdown. [Wikipedia] See ISO 26262-5 E for archetype of SPFM and LFM adding with ESD. (ISO 26262-2)
FIT: Abortion In Time – The cardinal of failures that can be accepted in one billion (1×10^9) device-hours of operation. [Wikipedia] Mean time amid failures (MTBF) = 1,000,000,000 x 1/FIT. (ISO 26262-2)
FMEA: Abortion Access And Furnishings Assay – As against to accountability timberline assay (FTA), abortion access and furnishings assay (FMEA) is an anterior access absorption on the alone genitalia of the system, how they can abort and the appulse of these failures on the system. Assay starts at faults, which can advance to errors and again failures. Can be qualitiative or quantitative. (ISO 26262-10 B)
FMEDA: Abortion Access Furnishings and Analytic Assay – A action for the abundant assurance of absurdity causes and their appulse on the arrangement and can be actual calmly acclimated in the aboriginal stages of systems development for the purpose of aboriginal identification of weaknesses. [http://www.tuv-nord.com/en/methods/fmeda-81629.htm] (http://www.tuv-nord.com/en/methods/fmeda-81629.htm)
FTA: Accountability Timberline Assay – As against to abortion access and furnishings assay (FMEA), accountability timberline assay (FTA) is a deductive (top down, see Figure B.2) access starting with the causeless arrangement behaviour and free the accessible causes of this behavior. Can be qualitiative or quantitative. (ISO 26262-10 B)
FTTI: Accountability Tolerant Time Breach – The time amid back a accountability occurs and the arrangement can alteration to a safe accompaniment and be accessible to acquaintance addition accessible hazard. Maximum FTTI = DTI Accountability Reaction Time Safe State. (ISO 26262 1.44)
HSI: Hardware-Software Interface – Use ISO 26262-4 B for a abundant explanation. (ISO 26262-2; ISO 26262-4 B)
LFM: Abeyant Accountability Metric – Abeyant faults are multiple-point faults (1.77) whose attendance are not detected by a assurance apparatus (1.111) nor perceived by the disciplinarian aural the multiple-point accountability apprehension breach (1.78). The abeyant accountability metric (LFM) is a accouterments architectural metric that reveals whether or not the advantage by the assurance mechanisms, to anticipate accident from abeyant faults in the accouterments architecture, is sufficient. Distinct point accountability metric (SPFM) is the added accouterments architectural metric.ASIL B (≧60%), C (≧80%) and D (≧90%) advantage requirements are in ISO 26262-5 8.4.6 Table 5.Equations and ambience are at ISO 26262-5 C.3.Example for adding is at ISO 26262-5 E.( ISO 26262-1 1.71; ISO 26262-4 6.4.3; ISO 26262-5 8; ISO 26262-5 C; ISO 26262-5 E)
MBU: Assorted Bit Agitated – Back two or added absurdity $.25 action in the aforementioned word. Cannot be adapted by simple single-bit ECC. (JESD89A)
MPFDI: Assorted Point Accountability Apprehension Breach – The time amount to ascertain a multiple-point accountability (1.77) afore it can accord to a multiple-point abortion (1.76). (ISO 26262-1 1.78; ISO 26262-4 6.4.4)
PMHF: Probablistic Metric for (Random) Accouterments Failures – Is the sum of the distinct point, balance and multipoint accountability metrics. Is bidding in FITs. Adding methods are declared in ISO 26262-5 F. (ISO 26262-5 9.2; ISO 26262-5 F)
SEL: Distinct Accident Latch-up: A blazon of distinct accident aftereffect (SEE) acquired by a distinct accident agitated (SEU) that causes a brief fault. This brief accountability is “hard” and can alone be adapted by cycling the power. Causes accommodate catholic application and electrostatic acquittal (ESD). [Wikipedia] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latchup)
SEooC: Assurance Aspect out of Ambience – A safety-related aspect which is not developed for a specific item. This agency it is not developed in the ambience of a accurate vehicle. (ISO 26262-10 9)
SEE: Distinct Accident Aftereffect – A “soft error” acquired by a single, active particle, and can booty on abounding forms. Causes “transient faults” like distinct accident upsets (SEU), distinct accident transients (SET) and distinct accident latch-ups (SEL). Use ISO 26262-5 Table D.1 for analysis. (ISO 26262-5 D)
SET: Distinct Accident Brief – A “glitch” that happens back the allegation calm from an ionization accident discharges in the anatomy of a affected arresting traveling through the circuit. This is de facto the aftereffect of an electrostatic acquittal (ESD). It is a “soft error” brief accountability and is a blazon of distinct accident aftereffect (SEE). If a SET propagates through agenda chip and after-effects in an incorrect amount actuality latched in a consecutive argumentation unit, it is again advised a distinct accident agitated (SEU). [Wikipedia] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_event_upset)
SEU: Distinct Accident Agitated – Distinct Accident Upsets (SEUs) are bendable errors, and non-destructive. Is a “bit flip” or change of accompaniment acquired by catholic rays. It is a blazon of a blazon of distinct accident aftereffect (SEE).
SPFM: Distinct Point Accountability Metric – Distinct point faults are faults (1.42) in an aspect (1.32) that are not covered by a assurance apparatus (1.111) and that advance anon to the abuse of a assurance ambition (1.108). The distinct point accountability metric (SPFM) is a accouterments architectural metric that reveals whether or not the advantage by the assurance mechanisms, to anticipate accident from distinct point faults in the accouterments architecture, is sufficient. Abeyant accountability metric (LFM) is the added accouterments architectural metric.ASIL B (≧90%), C (≧97%) and D (≧99%) advantage requirements are in ISO 26262-5 8.4.5 Table 4.Equations and ambience are at ISO 26262-5 C.2.Example for adding is at ISO 26262-5 E.(ISO 26262-1 1.122; ISO 26262-5 8; ISO 26262-5 C; ISO 26262-5 E)
TCL: Apparatus Aplomb Akin – Use ISO 26262-8 11.4.5.5 Table 3 to account based on apparatus appulse (TI) and apparatus absurdity apprehension (TD). Values are TCL1, TCL2 and TCL3. (ISO 26262-8 11.4.5.5)
TD: Apparatus Absurdity Apprehension – The aplomb in measures that anticipate the software apparatus from adulterated and bearing agnate erroneous output, or in measures that ascertain that the software apparatus has malfunctioned and has produced agnate erroneous output. Values are TD1, TD2 and TD3. (ISO 26262-8 11.4.5.2)
TI: Apparatus Appulse – The achievability that a malfunction of a accurate software apparatus can acquaint or abort to ascertain errors in a safety-related account or aspect actuality developed. Values are TD1, TD2 and TD3. (ISO 26262-8 11.4.5.2)
– Agreement and references address of Arteris.
Failure Mode Effect Analysis Template – Failure Mode Effect Analysis Template
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